책소개

『하타의 등불』은 몸 안에서 신성을 구현하는 실천적 인문학으로 정립 하타요가를 브라흐마난다의 '월광'에 의거하여 해설하고 있다.

저자소개

스바뜨마라마 요긴드라 (저자)

저자 스바뜨마라마 요긴드라Sv?tm? Yog?ndra는 1450년경에 활동했던 것으로 추정되는 수행자이자 철학자로 하타요가의 수행체계를 정립한 위대한 스승이다. 스바뜨마라마의 생애를 재구성할 수 있는 자료는 거의 남아 있지 않은데 그것은 아마도 출가수행자로 은둔생활 했기 때문인 것으로 추정된다.

박영길 (역자)

역자 박영길 박사는 동국대 인도철학과에서 샹까라의 창조론으로 철학박사 학위를 취득했고 동국대, 한국외대, 금강대 등에서 베단따 철학, 하타요가, 산스끄리뜨를 강의하고 있다. 1997년부터 2007년까지 한국요가연수원과 청담요가수련원에서 하타요가를 지도했고 2007-2010년 오스트리아의 비엔나 대학, 파키스탄의 펀잡대, 한국의 금강대가 공동으로 진행했던 ‘울너 필사본 프로젝트’(Woonler Project)의 전임 연구원으로 산스끄리뜨 필사본을 연구했다. 역자는 한국연구재단의 인문저술 프로젝트로 『하타요가 문헌연구: 성립사와 주요 사상』(2017년 출판예정)을 진행하고 있다.

목차

목차

일러두기 ············································································· ⅰ 

제1부 문헌연구 
제1장 『하타의 등불』과 주석서 『월광』 ······················· 3 
I. 『하타의 등불』 ····································································· 3 
1. 저 자 ········································································ 10 
2. 성립 시기 ····································································· 12 
3. 필사본 개괄 ·································································· 15 
II. 주석서 『월광』(Jyotsn?) ····················································· 32 
1. 『월광』의 문헌적 의의 ·················································· 32 
2. 『월광』의 성립과 저자 ·················································· 43 
3. 『월광』의 출판 및 필사본 현황 ···································· 53 

제2장 『하타의 등불』의 구성 ····································· 65 
I. 구 성 ············································································· 65 
II. 『하타의 등불』의 주요 내용 ············································· 70 
III. 『하타의 등불』의 수행법 목록 ········································ 75 
1. 아사나(?sana) ································································ 77 
2. 여섯 정화법(?a?karma) ··················································· 79 
3. 꿈브하까(Kumbhaka) ······················································ 80 
4. 무드라(Mudr?) ······························································· 81 
5. 명 상 ········································································ 83 

제3장 『하타의 등불』의 명칭 ······································· 85 
I. 필 사 본 ············································································ 89 
1. 콜로폰과 카탈로그 ························································ 89 
2. 필사 연도 ····································································· 93 
II. 후대 문헌의 언급 ····························································· 95 
1. 『하타라뜨나발리』(Ha?haratn?val?) ·································· 95 
2. 『유끄따브하바데바』(Yuktabhavadeva) ······························ 97 
3. 『요가까르니까』(Yogakar?ik?) ········································· 98 
4. 『요가찐따마니』(Yogacint?ma?i) ······································ 99 
5. 요가 우빠니샤드들(Upani?adbh??ya-s)에 대한 
『주해서』 ····································································· 100 
6. 『고락샤싯드히싯드한따상그라하』(Gorak?asiddh?ntasa?graha) 
···································································· 101 
7. 『요가싯드한따짠드리까』(Yogasiddh?ntacandrik?) ··········· 102 
III. 주석서, 『월광』(Jyotsn?)의 언급 ····································· 104 
IV. 스바뜨마라마의 표현 ····················································· 106 
1. 하타(Ha?ha)의 의미와 용례 ·········································· 106 
2. 운 율 ······································································· 110 
3. 저자의 언급 ································································ 110 
V. 표준적 명칭과 표기 ······················································· 113 

제4장 『하타의 등불』의 운율(Chandas) ··················· 118 
I. 운율에 따른 용어 사용의 제한성 ···································· 120 
II. 아누쉬뚜브-쉴로까(Anu??ubh-?loka) ·································· 127 
1. 빠티야(기본형, Pathy?) ·················································· 129 
2. 비뿔라(확장형, Vipul?) ·················································· 130 
III. 브릿따(V?tta) 운율 ························································· 135 
1. 동일 운율(Samav?tta) ···················································· 135 
2. 이질 운율(Visamav?tta) ················································· 146 
IV. 교차운율(Ardhasamav?tta: 절반운율) ································· 147 
V. 자띠(J?ti) 운율 ································································ 149 
1. 아리야(?ry?) ································································ 151 
2. 아우빠찬다시까(Aupacchandasika) ································· 154 
VI. 운율 체계 ······································································ 157 
범 례 ················································································ 167 

제2부 귀경게(ma?gala) 
제1장 첫 번째 가르침: 아사나(체위, 좌법) ················· 173 
귀경게(ma?gala) ··································································· 173 
탐구 주제와 저술 목적 ························································ 184 
스바뜨마라마의 요가 전통 ··················································· 191 
하타요가의 계보 ·································································· 198 
모든 요가의 토대인 하타요가 ············································· 209 
비밀의 준수 ········································································· 211 
수련장의 입지 조건과 구조 ················································· 212 
주의 사항과 수행의 권유 ···················································· 218 
아사나(?sana: 체위, 좌법)의 전통 ·········································· 221 
길상좌(Svastik?sanam) ··························································· 225 
소얼굴 체위(Gomukh?sanam) ················································· 227 
영웅좌(V?r?sanam) ································································· 227 
거북이 체위(K?rm?sanam) ····················································· 229 
수탉 체위(Kukku??sanam) ······················································ 230 
누운 거북이 체위(Utt?nak?rm?sanam) ···································· 230 
활 체위(Dhanur?sanam) ························································· 231 
맛첸드라 체위(Mastyendr?sanam) ··········································· 232 
등펴기 체위(Pa?cimat?na) ······················································ 235 
공작 체위(May?r?sanam) ······················································· 238 
송장 체위(?av?sanam) ··························································· 242 
요가의 84가지 체위와 달인좌 ············································· 244 
달인좌(Siddh?sanam) ····························································· 247 
달인좌에 대한 칭송 ····························································· 252 
연화좌(Padm?sanam) ······························································ 260 
사자좌(Si?h?sanam) ······························································ 270 
행운좌(Bhadr?sanam) ····························································· 272 
하타요가의 수련 순서 ························································· 273 
음식에 대한 규정: 절식(節食, mit?h?ra) ······························· 277 
음식에 대한 규정: 부적당한 음식 ······································· 280 
수행 초기의 금기 사항 ························································ 283 
음식에 대한 규정: 유익한 음식 ·········································· 286 
요가 수련의 권유 ································································ 289 

제2장 두 번째 가르침: 호흡법 ··································· 293 
호흡수련(pr???y?ma)의 권유 ················································· 295 
호흡 수련의 동기 ································································ 301 
나디 정화의 중요성 ····························································· 304 
나디정화법 ··········································································· 308 
나디정화 호흡법 요약 및 효과 ··········································· 315 
꿈브하까의 수련 횟수와 시간대 ·········································· 318 
꿈브하까 수련의 단계 ························································· 319 
호흡 수련과 관련된 주의 사항 ··········································· 322 
호흡 수련의 효과 ································································ 328 
여섯 정화법(?a?karma)의 필요성과 종류 ······························ 330 
위-청소법(Dhauti) ·································································· 333 
관장법(Vasti) ········································································ 335 
코청소(Neti) ·········································································· 340 
응시법(Tr??aka) ····································································· 342 
복부회전(Nauli) ····································································· 344 
정뇌(淨腦, Kap?labh?ti) ·························································· 345 
여섯 정화법의 역할 ····························································· 347 
여섯 정화법이 필요하지 않다는 견해 ································· 348 
코끼리 행법(Gajakara??) ························································ 350 
호흡 수련의 당위성 ····························································· 351 
쁘라나 통제와 삼매의 관계 ················································· 355 
꿈브하까 수련의 효과 ························································· 357 
꿈브하까(kumbhaka)의 종류 ·················································· 358 
꿈브하까의 원칙 ·································································· 360 
태양관통(S?ryabhedanam) 꿈브하까 ······································· 369 
승리(Ujj?y?) 꿈브하까 ··························································· 374 
싯-소리(Sitk?r?) 꿈브하까 ······················································ 378 
냉각(?ital?) 꿈브하까 ···························································· 381 
풀무(Bhastrik?) 꿈브하까 ······················································· 383 
벌소리(Bhr?mar?) 꿈브하까 ··················································· 394 
실신(M?rcch?) 꿈브하까 ······················································· 396 
부양(Pl?vin?) 꿈브하까 ·························································· 397 
쁘라나야마(pr???y?ma)의 종류 ·············································· 397 
께발라(Kevala) 꿈브하까 ······················································ 404 
하타요가와 라자요가의 상보적 관계 ··································· 410 
하타요가에 성공한 증표 ······················································ 414

제3장 세 번째 가르침: 무드라 ······································ 417 

모든 요가의 토대로서의 꾼달리니 ··············································· 419 

꾼달리니 각성의 결과 ································································ 422 

수슘나 ···················································································· 426 

열 종류의 무드라 ····································································· 429 

비밀의 준수 ············································································· 431 

마하무드라(위대한 무드라, Mah?mudr?) ··········································· 432 

마하 반드하(위대한 조임, mah?bandha) ············································ 443 

마하베드하(위대한 관통, Mah?vedha) ·············································· 450 

세 반드하 무드라의 효과와 수련 횟수 ········································· 456 

케짜리(공중보행, Khecar?mudr?) ····················································· 458 

웃디야나 반드하(U???y?nabandha) ·················································· 485 

물라 반드하(근본 조임, M?labandha) ·············································· 491 

쁘라나와 아빠나의 결합, 꾼달리니의 각성과 상승 과정 ··················· 498 

잘란드하라 반드하(J?la?dharabandha) ············································· 504 

세 가지 반드하의 연속적인 실행과 효과 ······································ 509 

도립 무드라(Kara?? vipar?t?khy?) ··················································· 513 

바즈롤리 무드라(Vajrol?mudr?) ····················································· 525 

바즈롤리 무드라를 위한 예비 작법(p?rv??gaprakriy?m) ····················· 529 

바즈롤리 무드라의 공덕 ····························································· 534 

사하졸리 무드라(Sahajol?mudr?) ···················································· 538 

아마롤리 무드라(Amarol?mudr?) ···················································· 541 

여성의 바즈롤리 무드라 ····························································· 544 

샥띠짤라나(꾼달리니 자극) 무드라(?aktic?lanamudr?) ·························· 550 

하타요가의 조력자로서의 라자요가 ·············································· 575 

에필로그: 무드라 수련의 권유 ···················································· 577 

에필로그: 스승에 대한 칭송 ······················································· 579 

제4장 네 번째 가르침: 삼매 ········································· 581 

귀경게 ···················································································· 583 

삼매의 길 ················································································ 587 

삼매의 동의어 ·········································································· 592 

삼매에 대한 정의 ····································································· 593 

스승의 중요성 ·········································································· 602 

쁘라나의 소멸과 해탈 ································································ 605 

쁘라나의 소멸과 마음의 소멸 ····················································· 614 

쁘라나의 소멸과 죽음의 정복 ····················································· 624 

마음과 훈습, 기의 관계 ····························································· 632 

마음과 정, 기의 관계 ································································ 639 

라야(Laya) ··············································································· 644 

샴브하비 무드라(???bhav?mudr?) ·················································· 648 

운마니 무드라(Unman?mudr?) ······················································· 655 

케짜리 무드라(Khec?r?mudr?) ······················································· 664 

샥띠(?akti) 명상 ········································································ 676 

비음명상(N?d?nusa?dh?na, N?dop?sana) ··········································· 691 

샴브하비 무드라와 병행하는 비음명상 ·········································· 694 

산무키 무드라와 병행하는 비음명상 ············································· 695 

비음명상의 네 가지 단계 ··························································· 697 

비음명상의 첫 번째 단계 ··························································· 698 

비음명상의 두 번째 단계 ··························································· 702 

비음명상의 세 번째 단계 ··························································· 705 

비음명상의 네 번째 단계 ··························································· 706 

하타요가의 목표로서의 라자요가 ················································· 708 

비음명상(N?d?nusa?dh?na)을 통한 라야(laya) ·································· 710 

비음명상의 진행 과정 ································································ 712 

다양한 종류의 비음(n?da) ··························································· 715 

비음명상의 세 단계: 제감 ·························································· 716 

비음명상의 세 단계: 응념 ·························································· 717 

비음명상의 세 단계: 선정과 삼매 ················································ 717 

비음명상에 의거한 제감(감관의 철수) ············································ 718 

비음명상에 의한 응념 ································································ 719 

비음명상에 의한 선정(禪定) ························································ 720 

비음명상에 의한 유상삼매 ·························································· 721 

비음명상에 의한 무상삼매 ·························································· 724 

라자요가와 운마니 ···································································· 730 

운마니 상태의 여덟 가지 특징 ···················································· 734 

에필로그 ················································································· 743 

『하타의 등불』 간기 ·································································· 749 

『월광』의 당부 ·········································································· 749 

『월광』에 대한 찬탄 ·································································· 750 

『월광』의 간기 ·········································································· 750 

[부록 1] 『하타의 등불』이 인용한 게송 ········································· 751 

[부록 2] 『하타의 등불』 필사본 목록 ············································ 775 

[부록 3] 하타요가 연표 ······························································ 809 

역자후기 ·············································································· 815 

약호와 참고문헌 ····································································· 818 

찾아보기 ······················································································ 846